Apa Makna Kebahagian Menurutmu?

Semasa kecil bahagia itu ketika bisa bermain dengan teman, semua permintaan beli mainan makanan langsung dikabulkan sama orangtua tercinta. Hahaha.. itu jaman kecilku terlalu sederhana memang, namun itulah kebahagiaan di masa kecilku.
Beranjak masa remaja kisaran SD kelas 6 hingga aku SMA bahagia itu ketika nilai raporku bagus dan aku bisa mendapat ranking.
Namun, keadaan sekarang ketika aku menduduki bangku kuliah aku semakin bingung dengan definisi kebahagian menurut diriku sendiri. Semakin banyak pertanyaan pada diri sendiri? Apakah kebahagiaanmu ketika kamu dapat IPK tinggi? ya.. Apakah kebahagiaanmu ketika lolos oprec dalam suatu event? ya.. Apakah kebahagiaanmu ketika kamu berhasil dalam menjalankan program kerjamu? ya.. apakah kebahagiaanmu ketika kamu lulus tepat waktu? ya.. apakah kebahagiaanmu ketika kamu lolos PKM? ya... apakah kebahagianmu ketika kamu sudah bisa merintis sebuah usaha? ya... Nah berarti kebahagian menurutmu berarti banyak? ya... Namun ketika diri ini semakin risau tentang makna kebahagian, alhamdulillah perlahan sekarang semakin bisa untuk membuka apakah makna dari kebahagiaan hidup itu,,,,,,
Dalam salah satu ayat dalam Al Quran dikatakan bahwa.
"Sejatinya jin dan manusia diciptakan hanya untuk beribadah kepadaKU"
Memahami ayat tersebut mengarahkan diri saya kepada kematian, bahwa setiap kita manusia pasti akan menemui ajal, entah itu kapan. Balik lagi pada pemahaman ayat tersebut bahwa manusia diciptakan mengemban misi beribadah hanya kepada Alloh Subhanahu Wata'ala. Beribadah sendiri tidak hanya terpaku pada ibadah solat, puasa,atau pelaksanaan rukun Islam yang lain. Namun beribadah adalah hakikat segala aktifitas diniatkan semata-mata hanya untuk mendapatkan ridho-Nya. Kebahagiannyan yang sebenarnya adalah yang demikian ketika diri ini mampu ikhlas menjalankan segala aktifitas semata-mata hanya mengharap ridho Alloh Subhanahu Wata'ala. Karena, itu adalah kebahagian yang akan kekal hingga setelah diri ini sampai pada ajal.

Mid Semester about PEST

1.     The different between herbivores and pests

Herbivores can said an animal, vertebrate or invertebrate, that feeds on plants. However, as in most aspects of biology, there are some grey areas. These include deciding what is or is not a plant, what are the boundaries between herbivores that mostly feed on live plants and saprovores that feed on dead plants and dead animals and are all pollinators herbivores. Herbivores are often regarded as pests, because they damage plants. In addition there are terms for the host range (number of species) that an organism lives on.

Pest can also defined anthropocentrically means that plant is a human property. The economic value of plant will be the most important factor for determining a herbivore as pest species.

2.      The relationship of the quantitative existance of pests with the yield loss as economis/financial loss is more much the quantitative existance of pests very influence for how much the yield loss (quantitave and qualitative of yield), so it can degress of financial value of yield. So, population of pest has a negative impact for quantitative and qualitative of yield.

            However, if the diversity of pest high, it can make balances of ecosystem. And it is a        advantages for crop, because naturally balance of ecosystem can be formed. However,       it is just at natural ecosystem.  At crop ecosytem, balance condition difficult formed,           because the ecosystem maked by human, so very influence for cultivation, not            naturally formed. Maybe, balance at crop ecosystem can be formed, however it      needs effort to control human for example about how cultivation is doing, about how to prevent/control population of pest.

3.      The first step that should be taken before anyone launching a pest control program is doing identify,

First, Doing field observation

A routine that should be done to ensure what we found inn the field at certain time.

Second, Observation result

Recorded, interpreted, analyzed and used as the basic of decision making

After doing fied observation and observation result can be done a pest control program or measures that can be taken, such as

·         Through culture technque

·         Using resistant variety

·         Usinng mechanical & physical techiques

·         Using biological control agents

·         Using natural measures

·         Using legal measures

·         Using chemical control such as pesticide as LAST CONTROL

4.      Integrated Pest Management should never use pesticides, I don’t agree with the statement, because IPM is the program that combine some methods to control pest include used pesticides. However, used of pesticide at certain time, when the population of pest very much and there’s no others chance to control, so last alternative be used pesticide.

 

PATHOGEN TO CONTROL WATER HYACINTH

Acremonium zonatum

This fungus causes an easily identified necrotic zonate leaf spot characterised by spreading lesions,  most noticeable on the upper laminar surface (Fig. 1). On the lower surface, which is normally protected from direct sunlight, the area directly under the spot may have a sparse, spreading layer of white fungal (mycelial) growth. Each spot may be small (2 mm diameter) to large (> 3 cm diameter) and the spots may coalesce, covering most of the lamina. The zonate pattern may not be evident in new infections when most spots are small. This disease has been reported from Australia, USA, and many countries of Asia, Central America, and South America. It is often asso-ciated in the field with infestations of the water hya-cinth mite Orthogalumna terebrantis. This pathogen is represented by several highly virulent strains such as the ones found in Mexico by Martinez Jimenez and Charudattan (1998).

Alternaria eichhorniae

Two species of  Alternaria, A. eichhorniae  and A. alternata,  have been recorded on water hyacinth. One or both of these species have been reported from Aus-tralia, Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Indonesia, and South Africa. Alternaria alternata appears to be a weak,opportunistic parasite, whereas A. eichhorniae is a highly virulent, host-specific pathogen of water hya-cinth.  Alternaria eichhorniae has been shown to have good potential as a bioherbicide agent (Shabana et al.1995a,b; these proceedings). It causes discrete necrotic foliar spots (oblong, 2–4 mm long) sur-rounded by a bright yellow halo. Blighting of the entire leaf lamina can be induced by using mycelial inoculum and  providing prolonged, 100% relative humidity (Fig. 2). In culture,  A. eichhorniae produces several bright red compounds in culture, including bostrycin and deoxybostrycin that are phytotoxic to water   hyacinth leaves (Charudattan and Rao 1982). The extent of naturally occurring variability in viru-lence in this pathogen is not clear. More details about this pathogen are given by Shabana (2001).

Cercospora piaropi  (=  C. rodmanii )

Symptoms caused by Cercospora  spp. may be easily confused with those of many other foliar pathogens, including many opportunistic, weak parasites. Until now, two species of  Cercospora,  C. piaropi  and  C. rod-manii, have been recognised as pathogens of water hyacinth, but recently Tessmann et al. (2001) have merged the two species into an emended  C. piaropi. Cercospora piaropi  has been reported on water hya-cinth from throughout the present range of  the weed. This pathogen causes small (2–4 mm diameter) necrotic spots on laminae and petioles (Fig. 3). The spots are characterised by pale centres surrounded by darker necrotic regions. Occasionally, the spots may appear in the shape of ‘teardrops’ that coalesce as the leaf matures, causing the entire leaf to turn necrotic and senescent. In fact, the senescence is accelerated by the Cercospora  disease, and the disease can rapidly spread across water hyacinth infestations, causing large areas of the weed mat to turn brown and necrotic. Under severe infections, the plant may be physiologically stressed, lose its ability to regenerate, become water- logged, and sink or disintegrate.  Tessmann et al. (2000) compared 60 isolates of  Cer- cospora  species isolated from water hyacinth leaves showing symptoms of  Cercospora  infection which were collected from the USA, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, South Africa, and Zambia. They found the iso- lates to be variable in pigmentation in culture, spore morphology, and virulence. Virulence of the isolates was also variable: isolates ranged from being nearly avirulent to highly virulent and capable of causing leaf death. These traits were independent of the geographicorigin of isolates. The isolates were then tested to see if the species concept based on conidial and cultural morphology and virulence, as used by Conway (1976)  in his designation of  C. rodmanii  into a separate species, might agree with a species concept developed with the help of molecular markers.

Myrothecium roridum

This fungus causes a teardrop-shaped leaf spot (up to1  ×  5 cm), rounded on the side facing the petiole and tapering to a narrow point in the direction of the laminar tip (Fig. 4). Older leaf spots turn necrotic with dark brown margins, with the centre of the spot covered with discrete white and black conidial masses. Myrothecium disease of water hyacinth has been reported to occur in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, possibly Mexico, and some western African countries. Although this species is worldwide in distribution, the typical myrothecium disease has not been recorded on water hyacinth in the Americas. The occurrence of variability in virulence in this pathogen is therefore not clear. Some recent studies suggest that some Myrothecium species can be used as broad-spectrum bioherbicides against several weeds, a finding that has implications for the development of M. roridum for water hyacinth control.

Rhizoctonia solani

Disease symptoms caused by this fungus may resemble damage caused by a desiccant type of chemical herbicide (e.g. diquat). Symptoms consist of irregular, necrotic spots, and broad lesions (Fig. 5). Unlike chemical damage, the brown necrotic areas are usually surrounded by noticeable, thin, water-soaked margins of darker brown colour than the rest of the lesion. Rhizoctonia disease has been reported on water hyacinth from the southeastern United States, Brazil, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia. This fungus is usually very aggressive and destructive, capable of rapidly killing water hyacinth plants. The extent of variability in virulence of  R. solani  pathogenic to water hyacinth is not clear, but isolates collected in the USA, Panama, and Brazil have been found to be extremely virulent (R. Charudattan, unpublished data; R.A. Pitelli, University of the State of Sao Paulo, Jaboticabal, Brazil, pers. comm.).

 

 

Source :  

Charudattan. 2001. Biological and integrated control of water Hyancinth, Eichornia crassipes. Jornal Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants